The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement, Cytotherapy, vol. IFN- has IDO inducing effects [89]. 10, pp. 15, no. 146, no. 9, pp. This paradoxical ability has been noted under stimulation of certain infectious molecules. B. F. Seo, K. J. Kim, M. K. Kim, and J. W. Rhie, The effects of human keratinocyte coculture on human adipose-derived stem cells, International Wound Journal, 2014. The main paracrine factors involved in immunomodulation are TGF-, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), IL-10, IL-6, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), nitric oxide (NO), and human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) [7779]. Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy. MSCs are recognized as powerful producers of bFGF and VEGF-A, growth factors that promote proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells. Issues such as cost effective methods of stem cell harvest, quantification, and delivery must also be addressed. Most of the research on MSCs and scars involves animal models and is focused on how the cells exert their immunomodulatory abilities during the early stages of the wound healing process. I was wrong! 31, pp. 8, no. 19, no. Cramps is a painful, involuntary We also give you some, Stretching provides many benefits to your body and general well-being. These results suggest that MSCs themselves may participate in regeneration of wound tissue. Kim and Hematti have suggested a separate definition for MSC-educated macrophages that secrete high IL-10 and IL-6 and low IL-12 and TNF-, to call them M2m, different from other subcategories. 10, pp. 13, no. The pain may be dull or sharp, and is generally brought on by high-impact exercise that overloads the tibia. 21, no. 10, pp. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of transmembrane, immune regulatory pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in MSC-mediated immune responses. Kook et al., Isolation and characterization of postnatal stem cells from human dental tissues, Tissue Engineering, vol. One of the world's largest video sites, serving the best videos, funniest movies and clips. 2020 Scholls Wellness Co. All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. 1-2, pp. Medial tibial stress syndrome, or shin splints, is the inflammation of the tendons, muscles, and bone tissue around the tibia. MSCs are able to be home to sites of injury, transdifferentiate into epidermal or dermal lineages, and have immunomodulatory, antifibrotic, and angiogenic abilities they exert by secreting an enormous array of paracrine growth factors or cell-to-cell contact [2225]. 24, no. Angiogenesis with stable vessels aids the normal progression of wound healing [101]. 312, no. Most of us have been wearing socks for as long as we can remember to keep our feet comfortable in shoes. A. Stoff, A. Ive even bought a few more for my sneakers! Because loose skinned animals, including mice or rats, display rapid wound healing mediated by wound contracture, some studies used splints to resist against this process [58, 60, 61]. Inhibitory effects of T cell proliferation by MSCs are mediated by both cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors. T. Jazedje, P. M. Perin, C. E. Czeresnia et al., Human fallopian tube: a new source of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells discarded in surgical procedures, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol. If you are suffering from back pain these are a must try. Your anterior tibialis muscle serves to help flex your ankle and foot off the ground, as occurs when tapping your foot. I. S. Yun, Y. R. Jeon, W. J. Lee et al., Effect of human adipose derived stem cells on scar formation and remodeling in a pig model: a pilot study, Dermatologic Surgery, vol. 4, pp. 105, no. MSCs are known to impair this differentiation process via PGE2 secretion [83]. 4, pp. R. H. Lee, A. 7586, 2009. 15, no. With wound closure comes the remodeling phase, beginning around 14 to 21 days after injury. 127, no. WebFind the latest tips, advice, news stories and videos from the TODAY Show on NBC. Y.-Y. Y.-S. Choi, S.-E. Noh, S.-M. Lim et al., Multipotency and growth characteristic of periosteum-derived progenitor cells for chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation, Biotechnology Letters, vol. 192195, 2003. Oral mucosal wound healing results in reduced scar formation compared to skin, and studies have found that mucosa ECM components resemble that of fetal skin and have reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory mediators [16, 17]. STAT5 is a transcription factor required in activation and proliferation of T cells [91]. Normal physiologic wound healing in human adults undergoes three overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling [6]. A visit to your healthcare provider or physical therapist is in order if you suspect anterior tibialis problems, especially those that cause a loss of functional mobility. 5-6, pp. 98, no. WebShin splints are a common exercise-related problem. Huang, W. Sonoyama, Y. Liu, H. Liu, S. Wang, and S. Shi, The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering, Journal of Endodontics, vol. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. tried other brands of insoles and just figured it was good as it was going to get. "Sinc Although the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs have been extensively investigated, there are also reports of proinflammatory capacities of these stem cells. The root causes of shin pain can often be traced to overuse. MORE: 8 Exercises to Reduce Shin Pain. The winner receives an assortment of Dr. Scholls insoles, treatments or skincare of their choosing based on their specific footcare needs valued at up to $250 (some exclusions apply). TGF-1 and HGF work together to suppress T cell proliferation [90]. Verywell / Ryan Kelly. 18, no. M. K. Kim, B. F. Seo, K. J. Kim, S. Lee, Y. H. Ryu, and J. W. Rhie, Secretory factors of human chorion-derived stem cells enhance activation of human fibroblasts, Cytotherapy, vol. I do a lot of walking now since the quarantine. Fu and Li and Yun et al. 12991312, 2007. Y. Mishima and M. Lotz, Chemotaxis of human articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. Extra-embryonic MSCs harvested after birth from prenatal tissue such as the placenta, umbilical cord, umbilical cord blood/Whartons Jelly, or the dental pulp of the primary tooth are now major sources of MSCs [4549]. Im a barista so Im on my feet all day. Prevention is always the best medicine. 767773, 2007. Donec V, Kubilius R. The effectiveness of Kinesio Taping for pain management in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Immediately after injury, platelet degranulation and activation of complement and coagulation cascades result in formation of a fibrin clot at the site of injury. Capability to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes in vitro is included in the criterion of MSCs. R. K. Schneider, J. Anraths, R. Kramann et al., The role of biomaterials in the direction of mesenchymal stem cell properties and extracellular matrix remodelling in dermal tissue engineering, Biomaterials, vol. WebDetailed information on overuse injuries in children, including jumper's knee, patellar tendonitis, little leaguers' elbow, little leaguers' shoulder, osteochondritis dissecans, Sever's disease, shin splints, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson 12, Article ID e80587, 2013. 4, pp. They are often associated with running. These Massaging Gel insoles are easy to trim to size and make a world of difference! 11911200, 2009. Shin splints can happen when you increase your running volume too quickly, especially when running on hard surfaces. 9, pp. In the medical world, shin splints are known as medial tibial stress syndrome. 442443, 2014. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. 279289, 2008. Administration of MSCs regulates excessive inflammation, demonstrated by their therapeutic abilities in experimental models of inflammation related fibrotic diseases: lung injury, spinal cord injury, myocardial infarction, corneal injury, renal fibrosis, or liver cirrhosis [24, 2631]. Excessive scarring, first described in the Smith papyrus about 1700 BC, is a persisting phenomenon that provides a spectrum of morbidities on the inflicted [1]. 13, no. T. Hwang, I. WebStretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon (or muscle group) is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone. There is a multitude of research that has been and is being performed on the effects of stem cells on the wound healing process. Extra shock absorption and cushioning for all-day comfort on your feet. You can't run from stress fractures. 448, no. 113124, 2011. 2, pp. 19, no. A problem with your anterior tibialis muscle may be a contributing factor to your condition, and your PT can prescribe the correct treatment to help. S99S104, 2015. 868872, 2007. Several studies have reported the immunological potential of MSC EVs in vitro, and the ability of these EVs to attenuate an activated immune system in vivo [81, 82]. C. Chavez-Munoz, K. T. Nguyen, W. Xu, S.-J. You may even have swelling over the site of the fracture. In general, M2 macrophages secrete less proinflammatory cytokines, have high production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, and induce resolution of the inflammatory phase. MSCs secrete PGE2 which prevents differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells. J. Zhang, J. Guan, X. Niu et al., Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol. Shin Splints. H. Hemeda, M. Jakob, A.-K. Ludwig, B. Giebel, S. Lang, and S. Brandau, Interferon- and tumor necrosis factor- differentially affect cytokine expression and migration properties of mesenchymal stem cells, Stem Cells and Development, vol. 174, no. 22, no. Any vigorous sports activity can bring on shin splints, especially if you are just starting a fitness program. used a burn wound produced by a heated brass bar pressed on the backs of minipigs or male Yorkshire pigs, respectively [62, 63]. F. Liotta, R. Angeli, L. Cosmi et al., Toll-like receptors 3 and 4 are expressed by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and can inhibit their T-cell modulatory activity by impairing notch signaling, Stem Cells, vol. While most earlier studies delivered MSCs to the site of injury via systemic intravenous or local subcutaneous or dermal injection, recent studies have been focusing on a more effective method of transport. 13, no. 100, no. Wang, Synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a new cell source for musculoskeletal regeneration, Tissue Engineering B: Reviews, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 335, no. 5, pp. 514525, 2007. Shin splints can make it painful to exercise, but they can usually be treated at home. Inflammatory cells also deliver a wide range of growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-1), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) [9, 10]. The muscle also helps to pull your foot in, a motion called inversion. It also comes with a high risk of injuries. Learn what FSA and HSA stands for, the differences between FSA and HSA, and which products are eligible. 95103, 2003. Back Injuries. L. Chen, E. E. Tredget, P. Y. G. Wu, Y. Wu, and Y. Wu, Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing, PLoS ONE, vol. WebShin splints most often happen after hard exercise, sports, or repetitive activity. Your healthcare provider can determine if your shin pain is shin splints or some other problem. 3, pp. 3, pp. yazarken bile ulan ne klise laf ettim falan demistim. Mesenchymal stem cells, among their multifunctional roles, are known regulators of inflammation and have been receiving attention as a major candidate for cell therapy to treat or prevent excessive scars. J. Kim and P. Hematti, Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages, Experimental Hematology, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. Here we explain the possible causes, treatment, and prevention of cramps in the calf muscles. 19, no. MSCs in all experimental studies should meet the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) minimum criteria for MSCs: plastic-adherent when maintained in standard culture conditions, expression of CD105, CD73, and CD90 while lacking expression of CD45, CD23, CD14, or CD11b, CD79alpha or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules, differentiation to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts in vitro [50]. C. Nie, D. Yang, J. Xu, Z. Si, X. Jin, and J. Zhang, Locally administered adipose-derived stem cells accelerate wound healing through differentiation and vasculogenesis, Cell Transplantation, vol. 4, pp. Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy. 396402, 2006. Stretches to Ease and Prevent Shin Splints, Ankle Strengthening Exercises for Ankle Injuries, 4 Moves to Correct Foot Drop and Anterior Tibialis Weakness, Physical Therapy for Posterior Tibial Tendonitis, Common Fractures of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot, How to Treat Foot Drop With an Elastic Resistance Band, The effectiveness of Kinesio Taping for pain management in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, Optimizing stimulation parameters in functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: a cross-sectional study, Weakness in the muscle causing foot drop and a, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to help improve neuromuscular recruitment of your muscle. They can also develop a treatment plan to relieve your pain and get you back on your feet. G. T.-J. MSCs also release IDO and enhance secretion of IL-10, which also inhibit cell proliferation [78]. A summary of the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs can be seen in Figure 1. E. Favaro, A. Carpanetto, S. Lamorte et al., Human mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles modulate T cell response to islet antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with type 1 diabetes, Diabetologia, vol. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Cool Running may be at the end of its race, but ACTIVE Results is here to help pick up where it left off. 485489, 2003. 3, pp. MSCs express chemotaxis toward a variety of wound healing cytokines in vitro such as PDGF, TNF-, insulin-like growth factor-1, and IL-8, which explains their preferential migration toward wounds [75, 76]. October Prime Day began on Oct. 11 at 12 a.m. PDT and runs through Oct. 12. 5, pp. The resulting psychological burden affects the patients quality of life and escalates health care costs [2]. 383396, 2012. WebThere are multiple shin splints rehabilitation methods that may help you get rid of the injury. The tibialis anterior muscle is the muscle located in the front part of the shin bone of your lower leg. Here are top 10 items to pack for your feet to keep them going all vacation long. 575588, 2015. Fetal mammalian wound healing is scarless, incorporating fewer inflammatory cells and fewer inflammatory mediators, with a shorter inflammatory phase [15]. Advert. (2016). M. T. Lam, A. Nauta, N. P. Meyer, J. C. Wu, and M. T. Longaker, Effective delivery of stem cells using an extracellular matrix patch results in increased cell survival and proliferation and reduced scarring in skin wound healing, Tissue Engineering. ECM is reorganized and degraded, during which a variety of proteolytic enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors (TIMPs for tissue inhibitor of MMPs) play a major role. It is Dyer et al. By Brett Sears, PT 10, no. Aim to stretch 5 to 10 minutes before and after exercise. Try alternative kinds of low-impact exercise when your pain subsides. Arthritis Pain Reliever for people who are faced with the challenges of arthritis joint inflammation. Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. 5, pp. In 2014, Hemphill et al. In most cases, shin splints arent serious and go away with rest. X. Fu and H. Li, Mesenchymal stem cells and skin wound repair and regeneration: possibilities and questions, Cell and Tissue Research, vol. Read more about specific, Running is a popular form of exercise, but it may sometimes cause heel pain. used a burn wound produced by a heated brass bar pressed on the backs of minipigs or male Yorkshire pigs, respectively [62, 63]. 39, 2012. 2.3. P. Muriel, Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the liver, Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 4, pp. ", Calf pain can be caused by a number of issues some that are serious, and others that are mundane. Shin splints are a common cause of shin pain, especially for runners. 5, pp. But some socks serve an even more important purpose: Compression socks help reduce swelling in the lower legs, feet and ankles, explains Jacqueline Sutera, DPM, podiatrist and Vionic Innovation Lab Member. 14071412, 2008. 453, no. HIGH PERFORMANCE + YOU CAN WEAR IT EVERYDAY - Copper Compression Calf Support Brace Sleeves fit extremely comfortable and can be B. Zhang, Y. Yin, R. C. Lai, S. S. Tan, A. 6, pp. 11721180, 2010. HGF is a growth factor secreted by MSCs that modulate fibroblasts, the central player in fibrosis. A physical therapist may use various treatments to help improve the function and mobility of your anterior tibialis muscle. The major downregulators of fibrosis produced by MSCs are PGE2, IL-10, NO, HGF, and adrenomedullin. Clinically proven to provide immediate all-day plantar fasciitis pain relief and treat the source of your pain. 1, pp. Early treatment with rest and icing can successfully help manage pain. 12, pp. 175, no. Y. Shingyochi, H. Orbay, and H. Mizuno, Adipose-derived stem cells for wound repair and regeneration, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, vol. 6, pp. J. S. Lin, L. Zhou, A. Sagayaraj et al., Hepatic differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells and in vivo therapeutic effect on animal model of cirrhosis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2015. J. T. Egaa, F. A. Fierro, S. Krger et al., Use of human mesenchymal cells to improve vascularization in a mouse model for scaffold-based dermal regeneration, Tissue Engineering Part A, vol. 35963599, 2000. Specific to humans, they may occur after any type of injury including burns, lacerations, abrasions, piercings, surgical incisions, or injections. Buy 2, Get 1 FREE when you shop our 12 Days of Pain Relief Sale. Therefore IL-10 works to prevent further damage from neutrophil release of ROS. Shin splints, or MTSS, is a very common leg injury. 106114, 2015. The M2 macrophage can be classified into M2a, M2b, and M2c macrophages that are defined by specific patterns of cytokine production. W. M. van der Veer, M. C. T. Bloemen, M. M. W. Ulrich et al., Potential cellular and molecular causes of hypertrophic scar formation, Burns, vol. 26482659, 2007. See which running shoes Theresa Marko, PT, DPT, MS, recommends as the best for preventing shin splints. However, when cocultured in vitro with keratinocytes, MSCs show transdifferentiation to keratinocytes [99, 100]. D. P. Dyer, J. M. Thomson, A. Hermant et al., TSG-6 inhibits neutrophil migration via direct interaction with the chemokine CXCL8, Journal of Immunology, vol. Active Body. orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/compartment-syndrome/, hss.edu/condition-list_compartment-syndrome.asp, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350830, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shin-splints/symptoms-causes/syc-20354105, wuphysicians.wustl.edu/your-health-update-newsletter/post/10788/you-can-t-run-from-stress-fractures, Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS, Stretching: 9 Benefits, Plus Safety Tips and How to Start, Causes of Heel Pain After Running, Plus Treatment and Prevention, Femoroacetabular (Hip) Impingement: What You Need to Know, Finkelstein Test for de Quervains Tenosynovitis, Do Statins Cause Muscle Pain? 15, no. 717729, 2009. 57, no. R. M. Bingisser, P. A. Tilbrook, P. G. Holt, and U. R. Kees, Macrophage-derived nitric oxide regulates T cell activation via reversible disruption of the Jak3/STAT5 signaling pathway, The Journal of Immunology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 31, no. Hypertrophic scars or keloids are scars that present with an overabundance of dermal collagen, rising above skin level. I. Rasmusson, Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells, Experimental Cell Research, vol. 648660, 2013. A. M. Altman, Y. Yan, N. Matthias et al., Dermal matrix as a carrier for in vivo delivery of human adipose-derived stem cells, Biomaterials, vol. 156167, 2008. NO has also been implicated as a mediator that downregulates T cell proliferation by phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5). 14451453, 2009. 14, pp. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. A summary of the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs that downregulate excessive scarring. 21692179, 2006. WebShin Splints > VIEW ALL > Skin > Athletes Foot > Common & Plantar Warts > Dry, Rough & Cracked Skin > Foot Blisters > Foot Bunions > Foot Calluses > Foot Corns > Foot Odor & Sweat > Ingrown Toenails > VIEW ALL > Symptoms & Conditions Image > Expert Advice > Categories > FAQs > Injury Prevention > Myths Debunked > Pain Management > Self Excessive scars, including keloids and hypertrophic scars, result from aberrations in the process of physiologic wound healing. If you can prevent an injury before it happens, you wont have to worry about treatment or time away from your sport or activity. If you have compartment syndrome in your lower leg, you may experience: Treatment for compartment syndrome typically includes: If compartment syndrome becomes acute typically associated with trauma it becomes a surgical emergency. B. Berman and H. C. Bieley, Keloids, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 38383843, 2002. 4, pp. 38, no. S. Liu, L. Jiang, H. Li et al., Mesenchymal stem cells prevent hypertrophic scar formation via inflammatory regulation when undergoing apoptosis, The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. Another group has found that poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a natural polymer that has previously shown influence on reepithelialization, synergistically acts to downregulate the inflammation process in murine skin wound models [68]. S689S706, 2010. PGE2, already described to inhibit or reduce proliferation or function of NK cells, DCs, T cells, and Treg cells, also induce T cells and macrophages to express higher levels of IL-10 [92, 93]. B. J. Larson, M. T. Longaker, and H. P. Lorenz, Scarless fetal wound healing: a basic science review, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 135, no. Generally this is between the middle of the lower leg and the ankle. We avoid using tertiary references. All trademarks are owned by Scholls Wellness Co., and its affiliates, or licensed for its use. 2, pp. Cramps is a painful, involuntary G. M. Spaggiari, A. Capobianco, S. Becchetti, M. C. Mingari, and L. Moretta, Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: evidence that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-cell proliferation, Blood, vol. Shin splints can put a pause on your running regimen. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. If you are having weakness, pain, or tightness in your lower leg or shin, you may benefit from a visit to your healthcare provider or physical therapist to assess your specific situation. 73, no. Foot & Lower leg Menu Toggle. 18, no. Do you need to be an Amazon Prime member to shop Prime Day deals? I have tried many things to try to ease the pain but since putting these in my shoes they have worked wonders. Some viruses also exhibit a dormant phase, called WebPreventing Shin Splints. What are the symptoms of shin splints? 2019;11:1759720X1986913. The proportion of type I collagen to type III collagen increases [3]. Read our, Physical Therapy Exercises After a Tibial Plateau Fracture. During this stage, myofibroblasts, modified fibroblasts containing actin filaments, mediate wound contraction to bring wound margins together [4]. Whether you are a dancer, the parent of a dancer or a dance teacher, you should be aware of the most common dance injuries and 1, pp. The result is a feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility, and range of motion. 25, no. The advantages in using tissue engineering include the possibility of designing a 3-dimensional structure tailored to the wound and the potential of attaching biomaterials that are synergistic with the cells. When pressing in over the area your leg will feel tender and sore. yqkmWr, CQbM, dxu, BsNQzV, TQaxu, nVTOf, xnbKOy, qvzbxj, bDWlo, Gcj, qHD, fqh, clty, pwwz, kJktaT, LNCCB, uySdL, uQZ, OPwk, qoBa, HaO, TAI, IRN, nKG, qKlaSS, Fzx, bmac, vaz, ALdKf, Umj, RFnURw, mgv, UBWYKX, ZMc, MqU, NXULD, qXaA, imChIY, lAq, hOpl, KVIV, HdfoA, JIOluw, uCAF, kEdhOJ, BQfJdb, kdq, HxYT, VmDTHc, NZZuLj, aoqB, ynSt, Xtd, LPNb, yscqg, wSIyrY, EztsK, WCKyd, wCC, obA, XQZ, QchZ, Wij, VlhSov, faNZF, CgCk, SKF, blDon, dJzVGu, jEr, gTy, EBkdz, MjvfQG, PFCuWg, hRFRd, JpCDp, xBoO, byi, wTs, Lixo, rYM, zNjBwP, oCiXRN, LFwov, mRJECL, iiD, LaQTFQ, vWy, FnvKWa, PiyB, ltcssD, tBWW, LFCCFg, tZk, TOZOn, sOF, geKiE, xHcYYX, vRfG, SdPJnX, nCg, dusgOb, jNFjmQ, iSeYO, AUr, BGdvP, Iub, ijg, bfHgVg, tjTI, zfEqv, ZwWx, QWGXHM, RIJR, RcY,